3.3 Colonization

Colonization is the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area. Colonies were a common form of people displacement in antiquity and new settlements were scattered across the Mediterranean by Greeks, Phoenicians, Romans, to cite but a few. However, the nature, process and implications of colonisation varied enormously according to the cultural, social, political and even military context in which they took place, so that despite some analogies, there are differences in the colonial outcomes of Archaic and Classical Greece in Southern Italy and Sicily as well as of Republican and Imperial Rome across Italy, Europe and the Western Mediterranean.

EPQ Suggested Questions

In your EPQ essay you may want to discuss the following questions:

What was Greek colonization? And how did it differ from the Roman colonization of Italy and of the Western Mediterranean?
How far were modern European notions and ideas about colonialism influenced by Greek and Roman models?
How far Greek and modern Western notions of colonialism differ?

Ancient debate on colonization

Thucydides on Greek colonialism (open link)
Latin and Greek sources on Roman colonies (open link)

The material culture of colonization

Architecture and urbanism

Greek colonies: explore the architecture and urban layout of Greek settlements such as Metaponto (Magna Graecia) and Selinus (Sicily)
Greek temples in indigenous settlements: Segesta (Sicily) (open 3.3 Segesta pdf)

Artefacts

Bronze statue of a charioteer from Delphi (open 3.3 Charioteer from Delphi pdf)
Bronze statue of Zeus from Ugentum (open 3.3 Zeus from Ugento pdf)
Crater of Aristhonotos (open 3.3 Crater of Aristhonotos pdf)

References

References: Greek colonisation

Boardman, John. 1999. The Greeks overseas: Their early colonies and trade. 4th ed. London: Thames and Hudson.
Dunbabin T. J. 1948. The Western Greeks. Oxford: Thames & Hudson.
Graham, A. John. 1983. Colony and mother city in ancient Greece. 2d ed. Chicago: Ares.
H. Hurst and S. Owen (eds) Ancient colonisations. Analogy, similarity and difference. London: Duckworth
Hall, J. 2007. A History of the Archaic Greek World.
Hemingway, Colette, and Seán Hemingway. “Ancient Greek Colonization and Trade and their Influence on Greek Art.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/angk/hd_angk.htm (July 2007)
McInerney J., "Greek Colonization". In Oxford Bibliographies in Classics, https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0307.xml (accessed 5 Sep. 2019).
Pugliese Carratelli, G. (ed.) (1996) The Greek world: art and civilization in Sicily and Magna Graecia (trans. A. Ellis et al.) (New York: Rizzoli)
Ridgway, David. 1992. The first Western Greeks. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Tsetskhladze G.R. (ed.), Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Volume 1. Leiden: Brill, 2006

References: Roman colonisation

Broadhead, William. 2007. Colonization, land distribution, and veteran settlement. In A companion to the Roman army. Edited by Paul Erdkamp, 148–163. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Cornell, Timothy J. 1995. The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC). Routledge History of the Ancient World. London and New York: Routledge.
Mann, J. C. 1983. Legionary recruitment and veteran settlement during the Principate. Edited by Margaret M. Roxan. London: Univ. of London.
Pitts, M. and Versluys, M.J. eds., 2014. Globalisation and the Roman world: world history, connectivity and material culture. Cambridge University Press.
Roselaar, S. T., "Colonization in the Roman Empire". In Oxford Bibliographies in Classics, https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0244.xml (accessed 5 Sep. 2019).
Roselaar, S. T., "Colonization in the Roman Republic". In Oxford Bibliographies in Classics, https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0238.xml (accessed 5 Sep. 2019).
Salmon, Edward T. 1969. Roman colonization under the Republic. Aspects of Greek and Roman Life. London: Thames and Hudson.
Stek, Tesse D., and Jeremia Pelgrom, eds. 2014. Roman Republican colonization: New perspectives from archaeology and ancient history. Papers of the Royal Netherlands Institute in Rome 2014.62. Rome: Palombi Editori.
Sweetman, Rebecca J., ed. 2011. Roman colonies in the first century of their foundation. Oxford: Oxbow.

Online resources

Perseus digital library: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/
The Grove Art Online: http://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/